Hormones

Posterior Pituitary

Hormone

Structure

Action

Control

Miscellaneous

ADH

Protein

9 AA’s*

1 Disulfide Bond

(primarily from SON)

(+)’s H20 reabsorption V2 via cAMP

(+)’s Vasoconstriction via IP3

(+) by ­ Osmolality

(+) by ¯ Blood Volume

Diabetes Insipidus

Oxytocin

Protein

9 AA’s*

1 Disulfide Bond

(primarily from PVN)

(+)’s Milk Ejection

(+)’s Uterine Contraction

(+)’s Seminiferous

Tubule Peristalsis

via IP3

(+) by Suckling

(+) by Pressure on Cervix (Parturition)

  

* Differ by AA’s 3 & 8

Anterior Pituitary

Hormone

Structure

Action

Control

Miscellaneous

ACTH

Peptide

39 AA’s

(+)’s Cortisol Synthesis & Release from Adrenal Cortex

 

via cAMP

HT: (+) by CRH

Neural: 1. Circadian

    1. Stress
    2. ADH (from PVN ® Portal blood)

FB: Cortisol (-)’s CRH & ACTH

  

Prolactin

Protein

198 AA’s

3 Disulfide Bonds

(+)’s Milk Production

(+)’s Progesterone Synthesis

(+)’s Follicular Growth

(-)’s Estrogen Synthesis

(-)’s GnRH, LH & FSH during

pregnancy

HT: 1. (-) by PIF (Dopamine)

  1. (+) PRF
  2. (+) TRH

FB: Prolactin (+)’s TIDA neurons which

(-) Prolactin release (Short Loop)

Other: (+) by Estrogen

(+) by Stress

Hyperprolactinemia

Male: ¯ Libido

Female:

Amenorrhea

Growth Hormone

Protein

191 AA’s

(+)’s Growth of Bone, Cart., &

Muscle

(+)’s Protein Synthesis

(+)’s Lipolysis

(+)’s Gluconeogenesis

­ Plasma Glucose

Mediated by IGF-I

HT: (+) by GHRH (Gs ® ­ cAMP)

(-) by SRIF (Gi ® ¯ cAMP)

Neural: (+) by Deep Sleep

(+) by Stress (Exercise)

(+) by Hypoglycemia

FB: GH (-)’s GHRH

GH (+)’s SRIF (somatostatin)

IGF (-)’s GH & GHRH

Gigantism

Acromegaly

Dwarfism

GH-Induced

Diabetes

Anterior Pituitary, cont.

Hormone

Structure

Action

Control

Miscellaneous

TSH

Glycoprotein

~200 AA’s (a b )

~15% CHO

(+)’s Synthesis & Release of T3 & T4 from Thyroid

 

via cAMP

HT: (+) by TRH I P3athway

Neural: (+) by Cold & Stress

FB: 1. T3 & T4 (-) TSH

(Not TRH)

  1. (-) by Somatostatin (SRIF)
  2. (-) by Cortisol
  

LH

Glycoprotein

~200 AA’s (a b )

~15% CHO

Male:

(+)’s Leydig Cells to synthesize / release Testosterone

Female:

(+)’s Thecal, Granulosa, & Luteal Cells for Ovulation, Follicle Maturation & Steroid synthesis

via cAMP

HT: (+) by GnRH (pulsatile) IP3 Pathway

FB: (-) by Estrogen (Progesterone synergizes)

    • (-)’s LH release
    • (-)’s GnRH release (@ Low Levels)

(+) by Estrogen (Progesterone synergizes)

    • ­ Pituitary sensitivity to GnRH

(after a few days)
    • (+)’s GnRH (@ High Levels)
  

FSH

Glycoprotein

~200 AA’s (a b )

~15% CHO

Male:

(+)’s Sertoli Cells for Spermatogenesis

Female:

(+)’s Granulosa Cell for Follicle Growth & Steroid Synthesis

via cAMP

HT: (+) by GnRH (pulsatile) IP3 Pathway

FB: (-) by Estrogen

    • (-)’s LH release
    • (-)’s GnRH release (@ Low Levels)

(+) by Estrogen

    • ­ Pituitary sensitivity to GnRH

(after a few days)
    • (+)’s GnRH (@ High Levels)
  

Pancreas

Hormone

Structure

Action

Control

Miscellaneous

Insulin

Peptide

51 AA’s

2 Disulfide Bonds

CHO ABSORPTIVE STATE

­ Glucose Uptake … K+ follows

(Muscle & Adipose, NOT Brain)

­ Glycogenesis

Protein

­ AA Uptake

­ Protein Synthesis

(-)’s Proteolysis

Fat

­ TAG Storage

­ FA Synthesis

(-)’s Lipolysis

via Tyrosine Kinase

(+) By

­ Plasma Glucose

­ Plasma AA’s

Parasympathetic Neurons

GIP

(-) By

Epinephrine

Sympathetic Neurons

Diabetes Mellitus

Glucagon

Peptide

29 AA’s

CHO POST-ABSORBTIVE STATE

­ Glycogenolysis

­ Gluconeogenesis

­ Ketone Bodies

Fat

­ Lipolysis

via cAMP

(+) By

¯ Plasma Glucose

­ Plasma AA’s (same as Insulin!)

Epinephrine

(-) By

Insulin

Somatostatin

  

Somatostatin

Cyclic Peptide

14 AA’s

¯ Insulin & Glucagon

Release

¯ GI Activity

(+) By

­ Plasma Glucose

­ Plasma AA

  

Parathyroid

Hormone

Structure

Action

Control

Miscellaneous

PTH

Peptide

84 AA’s

(Chief Cells)

­ Plasma Ca++ & ¯ Plasma PO4-

(+)’s Ca++ (& PO4-) release from bone (rapid)

(+)’s Osteoclast Osteolysis (delayed)

(+)’s Ca++ net reabsorption (renal)

(+)’s PO4- excretion (renal)

(+)’s 1a -Hydoxylase ® Vit D (renal)

(+)’s Ca++ Absorption (GI) … via Vit D3

via cAMP

(+) By

¯ Plasma Ca++

Epinephrine (b agonist) via cAMP

(-) By

1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3

  

 

Adrenal Medulla

Hormone

Structure

Action

Control

Miscellaneous

Epinephrine

Tyrosine Derivative

­ Glucagon release

¯ Insulin release

­ PTH release

­ Glycogenolysis

­ Gluconeogenesis - Liver

­ Lipolysis

via cAMP

(+) By

Stress

¯ Plasma Glucose (Brain Glucose

Receptors)

Pheochromocytoma

 

Adrenal Cortex

Hormone

Structure

Action

Control

Miscellaneous

Aldosterone

Steroid

21 C

Mineralo-corticoid

from

Zona Glomerulosa

­ Renal Na+ Reabsorption

­ Renal K+ Secretion

(+) By

¯ Blood Pressure

¯ Osmolality

Renin

Hyperkalemia

  

Cortisol

Steroid

21 C

Glucocorticoid

 

from

Zona Fasciculata

­ Gluconeogenesis

­ Lipolysis

­ Proteolysis

(-)’s Glucose Uptake

(-)’s Immune Response

(-) ‘s Bone Growth

(+)’s Surfactant

(+)’s GI Enzymes

Modulates CNS

(+) By

ACTH

 

FB: Cortisol (-)’s CRH & ACTH

Cushing’s Syndrome

(Adrenal Diabetes)

Addison’s Disease

Androgens

Steroid

19 C

from

Zona Reticularis

      

Thyroid

Hormone

Structure

Action

Control

Miscellaneous

Thyroid Hormone

T3 & T4

3,5,3’-Triiodo- (or)

3,5,3’,5’-Tetraiodo-

thyronine

(+)’s Growth

(+)’s Neural Maturation

(+)’s Metabolic Rate

(+)’s Erythropoiesis

­ Protein Synthesis

(XS - Proteolysis)

­ Glycogenesis

(XS - Glycogenolysis)

­ Glucose Uptake